Effective Date: March 27, 2026
Last Updated: April 29, 2026
1. Introduction
This page lists every scientific source, clinical trial, formula, and data service used in the Glone app. We believe in full transparency — if we show you a number, a recommendation, or a health fact, it should be backed by a credible source you can verify yourself.
Glone is a personal tracking tool, not a medical device. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. All health-related information in the app is based on the sources listed below and is intended for informational purposes only. Always consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medication or health routine.
Glone is a health and wellness application designed to help users track GLP-1 therapy, including medication doses, weight, nutrition, hydration, physical activity, and side effects.
All health-related calculations and recommendations are grounded in peer-reviewed research and official clinical guidelines.
2. Clinical Trials
These are the major clinical trials that form the scientific foundation for health information displayed in the Glone app. Each trial was published in a leading medical journal and involves thousands of participants.
- Wilding et al. “Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.” STEP 1 Trial. NEJM, 2021.
- Garvey et al. “Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity.” STEP 5 Trial. Nature Medicine, 2022.
- Wilding et al. “Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide.” STEP 1 Extension. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2022.
- Jastreboff et al. “Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.” SURMOUNT-1 Trial. NEJM, 2022.
- Aronne et al. “Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction.” SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA, 2024.
- Lincoff et al. “Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes.” SELECT Trial. NEJM, 2023.
- Perkovic et al. “Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” FLOW Trial. NEJM, 2024.
- Malhotra et al. “Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity.” SURMOUNT-OSA Trial. NEJM, 2024.
- Sanyal et al. “Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis.” ESSENCE Trial. NEJM, 2025.
3. FDA Prescribing Information
Official FDA-approved prescribing information for every GLP-1 medication supported in Glone. These documents are the authoritative source for dosages, side effects, and safety warnings.
- Ozempic® (semaglutide injection) — Novo Nordisk. FDA, 2025.
- Wegovy® (semaglutide injection and tablets) — Novo Nordisk. FDA, 2026.
- Mounjaro® (tirzepatide injection) — Eli Lilly. FDA, 2026.
- Zepbound® (tirzepatide injection) — Eli Lilly. FDA, 2026.
- Saxenda® (liraglutide injection) — Novo Nordisk. FDA, 2026.
- Trulicity® (dulaglutide injection) — Eli Lilly. FDA, 2025.
- Rybelsus® (semaglutide oral tablet) — Novo Nordisk. FDA, 2025.
4. Nutrition Calculations
These are the formulas and guidelines behind every calorie, protein, and macro number in Glone. Each one is validated by peer-reviewed research or official dietary guidelines.
- Mifflin-St Jeor Equation — Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) calculation recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Accuracy is approximately 82% within ±10% of measured BMR. Gold-standard formula for estimating resting energy expenditure. Mifflin et al. Am J Clin Nutr, 1990. Validated by Frankenfield et al. JADA, 2005.
- Joint Advisory 2025 (ACLM, ASN, OMA, TOS) — GLP-1-optimized protein targets of 1.2 g/kg baseline, with Adjusted Body Weight correction for patients with BMI above 30. Prevents protein overestimation in individuals with higher body fat. Leidy et al. Am J Clin Nutr, 2015.
- ENDO 2025 — Clinical data demonstrating that up to 40% of weight lost on semaglutide can be lean muscle mass, underscoring the importance of adequate protein intake during GLP-1 therapy. Tinsley & Heymsfield. J Endocr Soc, 2024.
- WHO 2023 — Macronutrient distribution guidelines. Fat intake within the AMDR of 20–35% of total calories. WHO Total Fat Intake Guideline, 2023.
- Atwater System — Standard energy conversion factors: protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, carbohydrates 4 kcal/g.
- Blundell et al. “Semaglutide and appetite.” Diabetes Obes Metab, 2017.
- Sargeant et al. “Nutritional deficiencies on GLP-1.” Obesity Pillars, 2025.
5. Formulas Used in the App
Every calculation in Glone uses validated medical formulas. Here they are for full transparency.
| Formula | Definition |
|---|---|
| BMI | Weight (kg) ÷ Height (m)² |
| BMR (male) | 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) − 5 × age (years) + 5 |
| BMR (female) | 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) − 5 × age (years) − 161 |
| TDEE | BMR × activity level multiplier |
| Ideal Body Weight | 25 × height (m)² (BMI of 25) |
| Adjusted Body Weight | IBW + 0.4 × (actual weight − IBW). Used for protein when BMI > 30 |
| Hydration baseline | 30 ml per kg body weight per day |
| Unit conversion | 1 fl oz = 29.5735 ml |
6. BMI Classification
WHO BMI Categories used throughout the app:
| Category | BMI Range |
|---|---|
| Underweight | < 18.5 |
| Normal weight | 18.5 – 24.9 |
| Overweight | 25.0 – 29.9 |
| Obese | ≥ 30.0 |
7. Physical Activity Guidelines
- ACSM 2024 — Activity level multipliers for TDEE: Sedentary 1.2×, Lightly Active 1.375×, Moderately Active 1.55×, Very Active 1.725×. Garber et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2011.
- WHO 2020 — 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity activity per week for adults.
- OMA 2025 — Starter activity targets with BMI-based adjustments for joint safety. Donnelly et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2009.
8. Hydration Guidelines
- OMA 2023 — Minimum hydration floor of 2000 ml/day for patients on GLP-1 therapy.
- Hew-Butler et al. 2015 — Hyponatremia safety ceiling of 5000 ml/day to prevent dangerously low blood sodium from excessive water intake.
- ACSM 2007 — Fluid replacement guidelines for physical activity, used to adjust hydration targets based on exercise level. Sawka et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2007.
- FDA Prescribing Information — Medication-specific hydration adjustments based on GI side effect severity.
9. Caloric Safety Floors
Minimum daily caloric intake thresholds to prevent metabolic complications:
- Males: 1500 kcal/day floor
- Females: 1200 kcal/day floor
Based on established clinical thresholds for safe caloric restriction.
10. Side Effects — Gastrointestinal
- Wharton et al. “GI tolerability of semaglutide 2.4 mg.” Diabetes Obes Metab, 2022.
- Drucker DJ. “Mechanisms of Action of GLP-1.” Cell Metabolism, 2018.
- Ernst & Pittler. “Ginger for nausea and vomiting.” Br J Anaesth, 2000.
- AGA-ACG Constipation Guideline. Am J Gastroenterol, 2023.
11. Side Effects — Other
- Godfrey et al. “Alopecia with semaglutide and tirzepatide.” JEADV, 2024.
- Singh et al. “Semaglutide.” StatPearls, 2024.
12. Safety & Risks
Sources for safety information including pancreatitis, gallstones, kidney injury, and thyroid warnings.
- He et al. “GLP-1 RA and gallbladder disease.” JAMA Internal Medicine, 2022.
- Wen et al. “Pancreatitis rates among GLP-1 RAs.” Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 2025.
- Sodhi et al. “GI adverse events with GLP-1 RAs.” JAMA, 2023.
- Leehey et al. “Acute kidney injury with semaglutide.” Kidney Medicine, 2021.
13. Medication Data
All medication dosages and schedules in Glone come directly from FDA-approved prescribing information.
| Medication | Manufacturer | Available Dosages |
|---|---|---|
| Ozempic® (semaglutide injection) | Novo Nordisk | 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg |
| Wegovy® (semaglutide injection) | Novo Nordisk | 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.7, 2.4 mg |
| Mounjaro® (tirzepatide injection) | Eli Lilly | 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 mg |
| Zepbound® (tirzepatide injection) | Eli Lilly | 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 mg |
| Saxenda® (liraglutide injection) | Novo Nordisk | 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3 mg |
| Trulicity® (dulaglutide injection) | Eli Lilly | 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg |
| Rybelsus® (semaglutide oral tablet) | Novo Nordisk | 3, 7, 14 mg |
| Wegovy® Pill (semaglutide oral tablet) | Novo Nordisk | 1.5, 4, 9, 25 mg |
14. Psychology & Behavior
- van Bloemendaal et al. “GLP-1 receptor activation modulates brain reward areas.” Diabetes, 2014.
- Linardon et al. “CBT efficacy for eating disorders.” J Consult Clin Psychol, 2017.
- Hendershot et al. “Semaglutide in adults with alcohol use disorder.” JAMA Psychiatry, 2025.
- AMA Resolution 420. “Recognition of Obesity as a Disease.” 2013.
- Hall KD. “Physiology of the weight-loss plateau.” Obesity, 2024.
15. Dental Health
- Nalliah et al. “Semaglutide-associated hyposalivation.” Medicine, 2023.
- Janakiram et al. “Xylitol in preventing dental caries.” J Nat Sci Biol Med, 2017.
- Krall et al. “Calcium and vitamin D reduce tooth loss.” Am J Med, 2001.
- JADA. “Dental erosion management.” 2023.
16. Skin & Appearance
- “Ozempic Face in Plastic Surgery” — Systematic Review. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum, 2025.
- Griffiths et al. “Restoration of collagen by tretinoin.” NEJM, 1993.
- Brandt & Cazzaniga. “Hyaluronic acid fillers for aging face.” Clin Interv Aging, 2008.
- ASPS. “Body contouring after major weight loss.”
17. Sleep & Energy
- Acuna-Goycolea & van den Pol. “GLP-1 excites orexin neurons.” J Neurosci, 2004.
- Blundell et al. “Semaglutide effects on appetite and energy intake.” Diabetes Obes Metab, 2017.
18. Stopping & Maintenance
- Wilding et al. “Weight regain after withdrawal of semaglutide.” STEP 1 Extension. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2022.
- Aronne et al. “Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance.” SURMOUNT-4. JAMA, 2024.
- Emanuel et al. “Discontinuation and reinitiation of GLP-1 RAs.” JAMA Network Open, 2025.
- Epic Research. “Two years after stopping GLP-1s.” 2024.
19. Alcohol & GLP-1
- Hendershot et al. “Semaglutide in adults with alcohol use disorder.” JAMA Psychiatry, 2025.
- “GLP-1 RA use and change in alcohol consumption.” eClinicalMedicine (Lancet), 2024.
20. Practical Guides
Clinical guidance for real-world situations like surgery, endoscopy, and illness while on GLP-1 therapy.
- ASA. “Consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients on GLP-1 RAs.” 2023.
- Kindel et al. “Multisociety guidance for GLP-1 RAs in the perioperative period.” Clin Gastro Hep, 2025.
- Hashash et al. “AGA update on GLP-1 RAs prior to endoscopy.” Clin Gastro Hep, 2024.
21. Symptoms Tracked in the App
33 symptoms across 6 categories, all based on clinical trial data from FDA prescribing information.
- Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, bloating, belching, heartburn
- Appetite & Weight: loss of appetite, taste changes, rapid weight loss, hair loss (telogen effluvium)
- General Well-being: fatigue, headache, dizziness, sweating, palpitations
- Mood & Sleep: irritability, anxiety, low mood, insomnia, sleepiness
- Skin Reactions: redness, swelling, tenderness, rash, itching
- Rare or Serious: severe abdominal pain, trouble breathing, swelling of face or lips, muscle loss, vision changes, neck lump
22. APIs and Data Services
The technical services that power Glone's features. None of these receive your personal health data.
- Apple HealthKit — synchronization of weight, BMI, nutrition, exercise, and symptoms between Glone and the iOS Health database. HealthKit data is never sent to external servers.
- OpenAI GPT-4o Vision — AI-powered food image recognition and macronutrient estimation. Food photos are processed server-side. No personal information accompanies photos. OpenAI does not use API submissions for model training.
- USDA FoodData Central — US Department of Agriculture nutrition database, used to verify and supplement AI-generated food analysis results. Only food item names are queried.
- Apple Push Notification Service (APNs) — used for push notifications and Live Activity updates on lock screen and Dynamic Island.
23. Charts and Visualization
Catmull-Rom Spline Interpolation — mathematical algorithm for smooth curves through data points. Used across all chart views (weight, dosage, symptoms) with a tension coefficient of 0.5.
24. Unit Conversion Standards
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) — metric and imperial unit conversion standards for weight (kg/lbs), height (cm/ft-in), and volume (ml/fl oz).
25. Privacy and Compliance Standards
- GDPR — General Data Protection Regulation, European Union. Glone complies with all GDPR requirements for data collection, storage, and user rights.
- CCPA — California Consumer Privacy Act, United States. Users in California have the right to know, delete, and opt out of sale of personal information.
- MHMDA — My Health My Data Act, Washington State, United States. Additional protections for health data collection and consent.
- Apple HealthKit Guidelines — health data collected through HealthKit is never used for advertising, is never sold to third parties, and is never shared outside the app except to write data back to HealthKit.
For full details, see our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use.
26. Contact
Found an outdated source or have a suggestion? We appreciate your help keeping this page accurate.
If you have questions about the sources and references used in Glone, please contact us:
Glone
Warsaw, Poland
Email: support@glone.app